Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and questioning (LGBTQ) youth become homeless at rates that should alarm anyone working in the child welfare and shelter care systems.

Many LGBTQ youth feel compelled to run away from their families or child welfare placements after their physical and emotional safety is jeopardized. Others are thrown out of their homes with nowhere to go but the streets.

Still others have aged out of the child welfare system, unprepared to support themselves and without a permanent place to live. If the out-of-home systems of care are not safe and appropriate for LGBTQ youth, these young people attempt to forge a life on the streets rather than seek services and supports from these systems.

If you are a professional who works with homeless LGBTQ youth, here's what you can do:

Understand how homeless and runaway youth shelters are failing LGBTQ youth.

Between 20% and 40% of all homeless youth in the United States identify as LGBTQ. Frequently rejected by their families or fleeing abusive longterm placements, these youth are too often misunderstood and mistreated by the staff and other residents at temporary shelters. Homeless and runaway LGBTQ youth too often are misunderstood and mistreated by the staff and other residents at temporary shelters. Harassment, assault and even rape within these facilities are common experiences. The data is sobering: half of a sampling of lesbian and gay youth who had been in out-of-home care settings reported that they had spent periods of time living on the streets in preference to the hostile environments they had found in these settings.

Understand the risks faced by homeless LGBTQ youth.

Being homeless imperils a young person’s physical and emotional security. According to a 2002 study by the University of Washington, LGBTQ homeless youth are physically or sexually victimized on average by seven more people than non-LGBTQ homeless youth. With nowhere to go and no means of support, some may be forced to engage in survival behaviors that place them at significantly higher risk for mental health problems, substance abuse and exposure to sexually transmitted infections. Some of these survival activities, such as sex work, are illegal, leading many LGBTQ homeless youth to encounters with the juvenile justice and delinquency systems. It’s important that child welfare and shelter care services acknowledge these risks and prevent young people from feeling as though they have no other choice but to take them.

Provide safe and supportive child welfare services to youth thrown out of or fleeing abusive families.

Many LGBTQ homeless and runaway youth have sought assistance from the police and child welfare systems after their families have abused them because they are LGBTQ, but have been turned away due to a lack of sensitivity about the serious issues they are facing. Some are even forced by social workers and police officers to return home to unsafe environments. If placed in care, many find that they are not safe in their placements. A 2006 study found that 65% of 400 homeless LGBTQ youth reported having been in a child welfare placement in the past. The large number of homeless LGBTQ youth in part reflects that the child welfare system is failing these young people.

Ensure the safety of LGBTQ youth in homeless shelters and child welfare facilities.

Given the number of LGBTQ youth cycling between the child welfare and shelter systems of care, it’s critically important that all shelters and child welfare facilities take immediate steps to ensure the safety of these young people. Every agency providing shelter care and services should adopt and enforce LGBTQ-inclusive nondiscrimination policies, provide training on LGBTQ issues for all staff and display visible signs of support for LGBTQ people. It’s crucial to send a clear message throughout each facility that anti-LGBTQ harassment and discrimination will not be tolerated.

Respond to the special needs of homeless transgender youth.

Transgender homeless youth often are especially unsafe at shelters that require them to be assigned to beds according to their sex assigned at birth and not gender identity. These insensitive shelter policies may cause a transgender youth who identifies as female to be placed in a male facility, where she is at increased risk of abuse and rape. Furthermore, sex-segregated bathrooms, locker rooms and dressing areas within these facilities are often inappropriate and unsafe for transgender youth. As is the case with lesbian, gay, bisexual and questioning youth, transgender youth who are unsafe in shelters are more likely to run away. On the streets they frequently find a thriving, often dangerous underground market for hormones and other medical procedures as they seek to align their physical bodies with their gender identities. Those providing care and services to homeless transgender youth should link these youth with appropriate medical service providers in their communities to reduce the risk that they will take their healthcare into their own hands on the streets.

Make appropriate individualized classification and housing decisions.

Don’t make housing decisions within homeless youth shelters based on myths and stereotypes about LGBTQ people. For example, LGBTQ youth are not more likely to engage in sexual behaviors than their heterosexual peers, and they are not at higher risk of committing sexual offenses. Therefore, don’t unnecessarily isolate or segregate LGBTQ young people, or prohibit them from having roommates, as a means to ensure their safety. While this may be motivated by good intentions, it will only deprive LGBTQ youth of opportunities to interact with their peers and will compound their feelings of isolation.

Create community connections for homeless LGBTQ youth.

Help homeless LGBTQ youth to access community services and supportive adult mentors, and stand up for them if they encounter negative biases and discrimination. Develop an up-to-date list of LGBTQ resources in the community and distribute it to everyone in the agency, including to youth who may wish to contact community resources privately.

Display LGBTQ-supportive signs and symbols.

By displaying LGBTQ-supportive images such as pink triangles, rainbows or safe zone stickers, shelter care facilities send the clear message to all youth and staff that LGBTQ youth are welcomed and affirmed. LGBTQ youth are quick to pick up on these cues from their environment; it often makes an enormous difference just seeing them displayed.

Adapted from Getting Down to Basics: Tools to Support LGBTQ Youth in Care, Child Welfare League of Am. & Lambda Legal (2006, revised 2012). This and other fact sheets for adults who work with or care for youth in out-of-home settings are available at www.lambdalegal.org/publications/getting-down-to-basics.

Additional resources:

National Recommended Best Practices for Serving LGBT Homeless Youth, co-authored by Lambda Legal and other national organizations, offers agencies guidance to improve care for homeless LGBT youth. Free copies can be downloaded at www.lambdalegal.org/issues/youth-in-out-of-home-care or ordered from Lambda Legal at 1-866-LGBTeen (toll free) or 212-809-8585.

The National Gay and Lesbian Task Force and the National Coalition for the Homeless have partnered to co-author two publications regarding LGBT homeless populations. Their initial report, Transitioning Our Shelters: A Guide to Making Homeless Shelters Safe for Transgender People (2003) discuss the difficulties faced by transgender people in homeless shelters and offers nondiscrimination resolution and guidance on necessary staff trainings and best practices regarding this population.

Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender Youth: An Epidemic of Homelessness (2006) takes a broader look at LGBT youth as a whole and explores the reasons why so many of these youth are homeless and the risks they face in shelters and on the street. Both publications are available for download at www.thetaskforce.org.

The National Alliance to End Homelessness (www.endhomelessness.org) offers resources and information about homelessness among LGBT youth and in general, including a one-page solutions brief entitled Supporting Homeless Transgender and Gender Non-Conforming Youth (2012).

The particular challenges faced by transgender and gendernonconforming youth in congregate care settings, including homeless shelters, are examined in depth in the 2011 publication A Place of Respect: A Guide for Group Care Facilities Serving Transgender and Gender Non-Conforming Youth (Jody Marksamer, Dean Spade & Gabriel Arkles, Nat’l Ctr. for Lesbian Rights & Sylvia Rivera Law Project, available at www.nclrights.org/site/DocServer/A_Place_Of_Respect.pdf?docID=8301).

Sources:

Nicholas Ray, Nat’l Gay & Lesbian Task Force Policy Inst. & Nat’l Coal. for the Homeless, Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender Youth: An Epidemic of Homelessness (2006), available at www.thetaskforce.org/downloads/HomelessYouth.pdf.

Gerald P. Mallon, We Don’t Exactly Get the Welcome Wagon: Th e Experience of Gay and Lesbian Adolescents in Child Welfare Systems (1998).

Bryan N. Cochran, Angela J. Stewart, Joshua A. Ginzler & Ana Mari Cauce, Challenges Faced by Homeless Sexual Minorities: Comparison of Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, and Transgender Homeless Adolescents with Their Heterosexual Counterparts, 92 Am. J. Pub. Health 773 (2002).

Heather M. Berberet, Putting the Pieces Together for Queer Youth, 85 Child Welfare 261 (2006).